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Police found roughly 1,000 weapons at scene of deadly Texas gang fight

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wacoAbout 1,000 weapons including firearms and knives have been recovered from the scene of a deadly Sunday battle between rival motorcycle gangs in the Texas city of Waco that left nine people dead, a police spokesman told the broadcaster CNN on Wednesday.

Gang members hid weapons in bags of potato chips and in bathrooms at the Twin Peaks restaurant, where they attacked one another with guns, knives, brass knuckles, clubs, and chains, Waco Police Sergeant Patrick Swanton said.

"These were vicious gang members that were in our city Sunday," he told CNN, adding an AK-47 rifle was among the weapons recovered.

The Central Texas Marketplace Shopping Center, with about 50 stores and restaurants located along a major highway that was shut after the deadly brawl, reopened Wednesday, police officials said.

Authorities still are investigating the main crime scene, the restaurant where the fight took place and spilled over into two parking lots. The battle ended in a gunfight with police positioned outside in anticipation of violence.

Police have taken 170 people into custody, and they are being held on bail of $1 million each on charges of involvement in organized crime relating to capital murder.

The nine killed ranged in age from 27 to 65, and a preliminary autopsy report indicates they all died from gunshot wounds, according to records made available by the McLennan County Justice of the Peace.

Eighteen other bikers were injured, and most have been released from the hospital. No police officers or bystanders were injured.

Law enforcement wants gang members to remain jailed as long as legally possible, experts said, as investigators try to find out who did what to whom in a fight among more than 100 bikers.

"A $1 million bail for 170 people is ludicrous on its face," said Michael Haskell, a former Galveston County assistant district attorney.

"They want the big fish, but obviously they have some minnows in there and it's unfair to them," said Haskell, who now practices law in Fort Worth.

SEE ALSO: Nearly 200 face arrest in connection to the deadly shootout in Texas that left 9 dead

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A former informant describes what life is really like in the world of biker gangs

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Waco Texas shooting

A bloody shootout involving rival motorcycle gangs at a bar in Waco, Texas, left nine people dead on Sunday. Some 170 others were arrested after the violent confrontation, which reportedly involved five biker gangs, including one called the Bandidos and one called the Cossacks. When all was said and done, investigators had recovered about 100 weapons.

If you were surprised to learn that there are heavily armed and dangerous biker gangs out in the world, you’re not alone: As a Kansas City-area police officer told the Washington Post, even members of the law enforcement community tend to regard outlaws on motorcycles as a romantic relic rather than a real threat.

To learn more about the shadowy world of biker gangs, I called Charles Falco, a drug dealer-turned-undercover DEA agent who joined three separate motorcycle gangs between 2003 and 2010 and wrote a book about the experience called Vagos, Mongols, and Outlaws: My Infiltration of America’s Deadliest Biker Gangs. Based on his experience, Falco thinks that the tensions that erupted in Waco on Sunday had roots in nothing more tangible than a territory dispute. While Falco obviously wasn’t at the scene and doesn’t have any firsthand knowledge of what went on before the gunfight broke out, he gave me his best insight into why violence erupted in Waco.

Below, my interview with Falco, which has been lightly edited and condensed for clarity.

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Leon Neyfakh: I know very little about this world. Like a lot of people, when I heard the news about what happened yesterday, my first reaction was something like, “I thought these were just groups of friends who liked to ride motorcycles.” But clearly not.

Charles Falco: No. There’ve been little shootouts—I wouldn’t say all the time, and none of them have resulted in this many killed, but they do happen. And then there’s small killings—where it’s just one guy, like every six months. So it’s a constant ongoing war between the biker gangs all over the country. And it’s very hidden until something like this happens.

Neyfakh: Why do the biker gangs fight with other gangs? What causes violence to break out?

Falco: It’s over territory. So I [infiltrated] three different gangs—I was in the [Vagos], Mongols and the Outlaws, and the Outlaws have been at war with the Hells Angels since 1972. So, that’s a 40-year war. And what they fight over is territory. What caused this shootout in Waco is the coveted bottom rocker.

Neyfakh: The what?

Falco: So, I’ll try to explain this in laymen’s terms: When you watch Sons of Anarchy, they have those vests they wear that have what we call their colors. And on the back it shows their trademark, which is their symbol. And at the top, above the backpatch, is the name of the gang—and at the bottom is the state you’re claiming territory to. So the Bandidos have state claim to Texas. And they don’t allow any other motorcycle gang to be in that state and wear a Texas bottom rocker. They’ll allow some smaller motorcycle gangs to exist as long as they don’t wear that Texas bottom rocker. And what happened here was, the Cossacks have been around since 1969, the Bandidos since 1966. The Cossacks always stayed out of being a motorcycle gang, but they’ve been growing in numbers, and becoming more and more hardcore. So they decided that they were going to wear the Texas bottom rocker—which is telling the Bandidos that they believe that this is their territory, and they’re willing to die for that claim.

sons of anarchy charlie

Neyfakh: So it’s just something they wear on their jacket?

Falco: Yes, on their vest.

Neyfakh: What does it look like?

Falco: It’s just a half-circle patch that says the name of the state. And that’s what caused this battle—them wearing that Texas bottom rocker.

Neyfakh: And that was implying that Texas was their state?

Falco: Yes, and Bandidos have always controlled Texas. Nobody has been able to go in there and wear that state bottom rocker—no other motorcycle gang.

Neyfakh: What does “control” mean in this context? Is it about who gets to sell drugs in a particular territory?

Falco: It used to be—and it is in Europe and in Canada—but in the U.S. it’s more just fighting over territory to fight over territory. To say “we have Texas locked up, we control this biker society.” They really don’t war anymore over drug territory. They just war over territory for the sheer fact of saying it’s their territory.

Neyfakh: So is it just for fun? Is it about thrill-seeking?

Falco: Yeah. A simple way to put it is: I was talking to an Outlaw and he said, “You know what, if we didn’t have the Hells Angels to war with, we’d war with each other. That’s what we do.”

Neyfakh: So the Cossacks were not really a gang for a while, but then they became one. What does that mean?

Falco: So, you and me could go to Texas, we could go to Bandidos and say, “Hey, we’re going to start our own motorcycle club.” And we’d ask them for permission and say, “We just want to ride around together and be a motorcycle club and that’s where we’ll keep it.” And usually the Bandidos would go, “Well, OK.” But then you’ve got to wear a Bandidos support patch. They might make you do that. The Bandidos have always OK’d the Cossacks’ right to exist as long as they didn’t wear the Texas bottom rocker. The Cossacks have been growing in numbers and recruiting more of that hardcore biker personality in their club. So they were starting to go that way—it’s like a slow transition. And when you get your numbers up, then we can go ahead and challenge the Bandidos to their area by throwing on that Texas bottom rocker. And the Cossacks have grown in number incredibly, and the power they think they have, and the soldiers they think they have and said, “It’s time to step up.”

Neyfakh: Do you know when the Cossacks started wearing the bottom rocker?

Falco: No, but it’s been recent.

Neyfakh: So why would these guys all have been hanging out together at one restaurant, if they hate each other?

Falco: You have a biker event—any time there’s a biker event in an area, the motorcycle gang that believes they control that area will show up and police it and make sure other motorcycle gangs aren’t there. They’ll protect that territory. So what happens is that, now that the Cossacks are claiming that territory too and they’re wearing the Texas bottom rocker. It’s probably an event they always showed up to together—they probably weren’t great friends or anything like that, but because the Cossacks weren’t wearing the Texas bottom rocker, the Bandidos left them alone. The difference is now they’re wearing the Texas bottom rocker, and—I wasn’t there to see what happened, but I’m guessing it was a confrontation, and they both went there in big numbers assuming there would be a confrontation.

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Neyfakh: When you say “biker event,” what do you mean?

Falco: It’s just a day event. Like, a restaurant will hold a biker show or a bike contest. Hooters does it in different locations. It’s just a day event where you bring your family, look at some nice bikes, drink a couple beers, and then it’s over by 5 p.m. But when I was doing the Outlaw infiltration, the Outlaws would show up at Hooters looking for Hells Angels that might be in the area and try to show up, and waiting to have a shootout with them. And that’s what happened here.

Neyfakh: So that’s why they were all in the same place. And the guys who ended up causing the violence were probably planning to do that, right? Or do you think something sparked it unexpectedly?

Falco: Yeah, I mean, anything can do it—you park in someone else’s spot, you cut him off. But it was gonna happen. Something was gonna spark it. Because they didn’t show up there in big numbers just to drink beers with each other. And they were all armed, right?

Neyfakh: Yeah, they were all really armed. Is that normal, for gangs to travel with so many weapons?

Falco: So what happens is, in the states where they allow concealed weapons permits, all the big biker gangs have ordered all their members who aren’t felons to get concealed weapons permits.  

Neyfakh: I guess what I’m so surprised by is that these are rivalries that are based on nothing—that they’re not fighting over anything more specific than intangible control over a particular area.

Falco: Yeah. Goofy, right?

Neyfakh: Yeah. I mean, how old are these guys?

Falco: Old! They’re old. They’re like 40s, 50s, 60s. Your average street gang is made up of Hispanic or African American kids who grew up in an area where they didn’t really have a choice. These are guys that do have a choice—that didn’t grow up in an area like that, but later in their life decided to become part of a gang.  A lot of these guys are ex-vets—they’re war vets. Most of these biker gangs were created by war vets in Vietnam, World War II, and now Iraq and Afghanistan. It’s attractive to the anti-social war vet. Your normal war vet is a hero, and comes home a pro-social person. But your anti-social Caucasian war vet is attracted to these biker gangs, and so a lot of these guys are very highly skilled with weapons.

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Neyfakh: Do they live together?

Falco: No, but they have a clubhouse, and mandatory runs, and they have to hang out with each other. There’s a lot of that.

Neyfakh: Just to close, what do you think has changed since you were on the inside of this culture?

Falco: I was 2003 to 2006 with the Vagos, and then 2008 to 2010 with the Mongols and Outlaws. Not much has changed. The only thing that’s changed is more states are allowing concealed weapons permits, so you have more of these guys who are armed to the teeth.

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There's a strange link between violent motorcycle gangs and the US military

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hells angelsSome US military personnel and government employees are closely linked to notoriously violent biker gangs, according to a leaked DOJ report obtained by the Intercept.

The relationship between the biker gangs and law enforcement officials was examined more closely following the revelation that police officers responding to a gang shootout that killed 9 outside a Waco, Texas restaurant.

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) discovered in 2007 that support clubs of "outlaw motorcycle gangs" (OMGs) such as Hell's Angels, Vagols and Mongel were "utilizing active-duty military personnel and U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) contractors and employees to spread their tentacles across the United States."

Moreover, the ATF reported that OMG support clubs recruit courted "active-duty military personnel and government workers, both civilians and contractors, for their knowledge, reliable income, tactical skills and dedication to a cause."

The reports notes that "as the data is analyzed, it has been revealed that numerous OMG members, prospects, and associates are also employed with state and local government agencies."

It is worth noting that a biker gang is only considered an "outlaw" group by the ATF if its members engage in a "pattern of criminal activity."

In an interview with the Intercept, a former member of the Bandidos denied that any of the most violent clubs generally integrated current-duty military or law enforcement officials. 

Many notoriously violent OMGs have made it abundantly clear, however, that they have members currently serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2010, the OMG Mongols sold t-shirts depicting various Mongols members fighting overseas, while the Hells Angels and the Highwaymen MC created a set of colors meant to show their support for members at war, according to the ATF report. 

The report also notes specific individuals actively serving in the military who have documented ties to OMGs. One example is a staff sergeant instructor in the United States Air Force who is also the president of a support club for the Bandidos, the most dominant and violent of the motorcycle gangs in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, according to the ATF.

waco shootingOne Mongols member from Pennsylvania, Gregory "Chewy" Foster, is an E-7 in the Army National Guard. Donald "Seasonal" Staller, another Mongols member, is also a member of the Army National Guard, as well as a a civilian employee of the Department of Defense.

Perhaps most unnerving is the fact that numerous OMG members hold sensitive military and government clearance. The ATF report notes that Anthony Kozina and Colin Marks, two members of the Kings of Mayhem — a main support club for the Maryland Hells Angels — are employed as government contractors for the FBI.

Five of the seven members of another Hells Angels support club, Midgard Serpents, are employed at a local nuclear power plant as radiological technicians, according to the report. Other OMG members holding top secret security clearance include Wheels of Souls member Roderick Johnson, a major in the US Air Force reserves, and Jermaine Williams, a senior chief petty officer in the US Navy. 

“This was supposed to be solely a law enforcement tool to help fight violent crime. It was not supposed to be out there in the ether for general consumption,” an ATF spokesperson told The Intercept. 

The shootout occurred between the Bandidos and a rival club who are backed by Bandidos’ arch rivals, the Hell’s Angels — dominant OMGs that the ATF predicts will only continue to expand in the coming months and years.

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This May has been the deadliest month in Baltimore in nearly 45 years

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Baltimore National GuardBaltimore saw its 41st, 42nd and 43rd homicides of the month on Sunday, making May the city’s deadliest month in almost 45 years.

The last time there were more in a single month in Baltimore was December of 1971, when there were 44, but the city’s population was much larger then, the Baltimore Sun reported.

These latest murders bring the total number of homicides in Baltimore this year to 116. If murders continue at the same pace they’ve been at since January 1—roughly three every four days—there will have been 280 by the end of 2015, which would be the most in any year since 2007. There were 208 homicides in the city last year.

Meanwhile, arrest rates in Baltimore have plunged. In May of 2015, officers arrested 1,177 people, far fewer than the 3,801 arrests made in the same time period in 2014.baltimorehomicides

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Young girls in South America are marrying into gangs for protection

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Rampant gang violence and drug turf wars in parts of Central America are fuelling child marriage as girls seek to marry or couple with gang members and older men as a form of protection, researchers say.

Traditionally child marriage has been most prevalent among indigenous communities in rural areas across Central America.

But humanitarian groups working in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, say anecdotal evidence gathered in the past five years shows drug-fueled gang violence and organized crime is driving more girls to get married in cities.

"We are seeing and hearing that increasing numbers of girls are getting married and coupled to seek protection from gang violence and intimation from gangs," said Amanda Rives, Latin America advocacy director for the charity World Vision.

"Being in a couple with a gang member may give the girl and her family some level of protection from one gang, but may leave them more vulnerable to rival gangs," she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation in a telephone interview.

In El Salvador and Honduras - countries with the world's highest murder rates - entire city neighborhoods are controlled by powerful street gangs, known as maras.

In May alone, El Salvador recorded 594 murders, believed to be the deadliest month since the country's civil war ended in 1992.

The letters "MS" of the Mara Salvatrucha and graffiti of rival gang Barrio 18 is scrawled on buildings, marking gang territory. The gangs impose control through extortion, sexual violence, threats, killings and forced recruitment of children.

"Having a partner in a gang can be perceived as something that is much safer than being on the street alone. Girls do it out of fear," said Alejandra Colom, senior program director at the Population Council in Guatemala.

RTR37Z4EAlthough there is scant data on the impact of gang violence and child marriage, it may be seen as a form of protection.

"Dating the top dog, whether it's the guy on the soccer team or the leader of the gang, gives a girl some status and this is related to protection and relative - and temporary - power," Colom said.

Child marriage in Central America is also fueled by sexual violence at home, often at the hands of relatives and stepfathers, which drives girls to seek refuge with older men.

"Sexual violence against girls in the home causes many girls to want to leave home," said Ana Elena Badilla, an adviser on gender and youth at the United Nations Population Fund.

Worldwide, some 15 million girls are married off each year, depriving them of education and opportunities, and child marriage is most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

Campaigners say child marriage increases the chance of childbirth complications and child brides are more likely to be victims of sexual and domestic abuse.

While most Latin American countries ban marriage until 18, children can get married at a younger age with the permission of parents or a judge. In Guatemala, for example, under such exceptions girls can get married aged 14, while boys at 16.

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Ten killed in an attack linked to gangs in northern Mexico

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Mexico violence

MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Ten people were killed in an attack on a beer distribution center near Monterrey, Mexico, on Friday, in what authorities said was part of a dispute between gang members.

An unknown number of armed men entered the business in the town of Garcia, Nuevo Leon, and started shooting at those inside, the state prosecutor, Javier Flores, said at a news conference. Seven died at the scene and three died in the hospital, Flores said.

He added that guns, ammunition magazines and packages of drugs ready to be sold were found at the distribution center.

Nuevo Leon was home to some of the worst episodes in the bloody offense against the drug cartels launched in 2006 by then-President Felipe Calderon, but homicides started to drop significantly in 2013.

The governor-elect of the state, Jaime Rodriguez, is the former mayor of Garcia, and during his term he was subject to two assassination attempts, allegedly by the Zetas, one of the most violent drug gangs in the country.

(Editing by Ken Wills)

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7-year-old son of gang leader fatally shot as Chicago struggles with gang violence

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Chicago Violence_Mill

CHICAGO (AP) — A 7-year-old boy who was one of seven people shot to death in Chicago over the holiday weekend was the son of a gang leader with a lengthy arrest record, and police say the man's refusal to cooperate with detectives highlights the city's ongoing challenge to curb gang-related violence.

During the Fourth of July weekend, 48 people were wounded by gunfire in 34 separate incidents in Chicago. Seven homicides also were reported during the same three-day period last year, and this year's total in the nation's third-largest city nearly matched the combined numbers for New York (one), Los Angeles (three) and Houston (five) — the other cities that rank in the top four in population.

Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy has repeatedly lamented that the lack of tough gun laws in Illinois has made the streets that much more dangerous because of the quickness with which people arrested on gun charges are back on the street.

Among them, he said, is the father of the young shooting victim. McCarthy said that the bullet that struck Amari Brown in the chest "was meant for his father," whom he described as a "ranking gang member" who had been arrested 45 times.

Antonio Brown's refusal to cooperate with the investigation is a familiar hurdle for Chicago police that as of Monday had yet to capture a suspect in Amari's death.

Chicago Violence_Mill (2)

After Brown was arrested for gun possession last April, he was released on bail the next day, McCarthy said.

"If Mr. Brown is in custody, his son is alive," McCarthy told reporters Sunday.

Brown's family bristled at the suggestion that Brown bore any responsibility for his son's death as well as the contention that he was the intended victim.

"He was in the house using the washroom," his uncle, Carl O'Neal, told The Associated Press on Monday. "Yes, he's a former gang member. Yes, he's been arrested, but what does that have to do with a man shooting at a group of kids?"

The Rev. Ira Acree, who appeared with Brown and other family members at a news conference Sunday, also questioned McCarthy's assertion that the boy would be alive if his father was in custody.

"I can understand his anger and his frustration ... but the fact is 50 people were shot over the weekend," said Acree. "Are you going to tell me that all 50 people had a relative that caused them to be shot?"

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Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel visited with the Brown family on Monday and expressed concern about Antonio Brown's actions.

"The idea that you're taking a 7-year old out at midnight, you have a responsibility to that child, and then to cooperate with the police department on a crime committed to that 7-year old," Emanuel said.

Three years after capturing the attention of the country when the total of homicides topped the 500 mark, the number of slayings is once again climbing after dropping each of the last two years. As of June 28, there were 203 homicides compared to 171 for the same period last year. And there were 1,045 shooting incidents compared to 866 for the same period last year.

That total does not include the slaying of 17-year-old Vonzell Banks, who was shot to death Friday afternoon at a playground named after Hadiya Pendleton. It was Pendleton, an honor student, who in 2013 became a national symbol of gun violence in Chicago when she was gunned down as she talked with friends just a mile from President Barack Obama's South Side home just days after returning from the president's inauguration.

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Police believe alleged gang leader posted a chilling Facebook update after beginning bloody standoff

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Garland Tyree

An alleged Bloods gang leader suspected of engaging in a bloody standoff on Friday in New York City appears to have posted an ominous update on his Facebook page as the confrontation began. 

A law-enforcement source told Business Insider that the New York City Police Department believes this Facebook page belongs to Garland Tyree, who has been identified as the suspect.

According to The New York Times, the standoff began at about 6 a.m. on Friday. At 6:19 a.m., a chilling note was posted on the Facebook page.

"Today I die," the note said.

On Friday afternoon, an NYPD spokesperson told Business Insider the standoff suspect was "dead."

According to the local Staten Island Advance newspaper, sources have described Tyree"as the leader of the Bloods on the East Coast."

Police have said he barricaded himself in his home and set it on fire when marshals attempted to arrest him on a probation-violation warrant Friday morning. The Advance also reported Tyree has a lengthy criminal record and allegedly shot a firefighter who responded to the blaze in his home. 

The Facebook page police believe belonged to the suspect is listed as belonging to a man named "Garland Tyree." It features multiple photos of a man in what appears to be a prison uniform. Photos on the page show the man wearing the red colors associated with the Bloods, and some feature red-bandana imagery that is one of the gang's main symbols.

One of these pictures is a birthday invite for Tyree that describes him as "a real G," which is slang for gang member. Another picture on the page shows piles of money. Other photos posted on the Facebook show news articles about gang crimes on Staten Island, and one shows a draft of a novel raging about "a rat."

View some photos from the Facebook page below.

garland tyree facebook

garland tyree facebookGarland Tyree Facebook

 

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Photos of the men of El Salvador's Penas Ciudad Barrios — a prison so dangerous even the guards stay outside

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ms 13

Adam Hinton was working on a long-term project in El Salvador in 2013 when he heard that the leadership of the country’s two rival gangs — Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and 18th Street (Barrio 18) — had declared a truce. Hinton wanted to meet with MS-13, the larger and better known of the two, to look beyond the news and discover why men are drawn to gang life.

He got his opportunity when he was given access to Penas Ciudad Barrios, a prison that exclusively hosted MS-13 members. His photos are collected in the book, "MS-13," which Paul Belford Ltd. published in September.

“When I heard about the truce I thought this would give me an opportunity to talk to the gang members themselves about what the gang meant to them and why they joined it. The poverty and hopelessness in the barrios of El Salvador was so extreme that these kids felt there was little other option for them; it was the only possible route out of the slum and poverty,” Hinton said via email.

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ms 13Penas Ciudad Barrios was designed to hold 800 prisoners. When Hinton visited, it had more than 2,500. Its only guards were soldiers stationed on the perimeter of the facility.

Inside, the prisoners policed themselves. When Hinton first walked in, the overcrowding stuck him; it had gotten so bad that some prisoners were sleeping on old doors hung from the ceiling that served as makeshift beds.

“There are men hanging around everywhere, the corridors are all packed with them, hanging around with nothing to do except kill endless amounts of time. The sanitation situation was appalling; pools of stagnant water covered with thick scum were everywhere. The prisoners had to set up their own hospital, if you could call it that. It was basically an old hall in the prison with a dozen stained mattresses to lie on. They had no medication on the day I visited,” he said.

ms3Hinton was granted free access to wander around the prison. He stayed for three or four hours, and when he saw someone interesting, he asked if he could take his portrait. No one refused. “They were all very open and relaxed about it; I guess it broke the monotony of the day,” he said.

An intriguing aspect of Hinton’s portraits is the men’s tattoos, which serve as signs of allegiance to the gang and tell personal stories about their childhoods, girlfriends, and killings. Though they’re visually striking, he wants readers to look beyond the surface of his subjects, as well as their criminal backgrounds, and recognize the real person beneath.

“I want these images to show that behind the tattoos and the media stereotype there is a human being. The guys don’t look threatening to me, which I find interesting. They look resigned to their future there. The easiest thing to say is that they are all just mindless killers who should locked up forever or hung. That’s a way of avoiding the real and difficult question of what drives so many of the poor young men into the gangs and what kind of society gave birth to the gangs.”

ms 13

Adam Hinton's "MS 13" is available from Paul Belford Ltd.

SEE ALSO: One photographer's autobiography as seen in her portraits of others

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Massacres are on the rise in El Salvador — and it's not clear why

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El Salvador police gang violence

The number of reported massacres in El Salvador appear to have risen significantly, again raising the question of whether this is primarily the result of gang-on-gang violence or whether there are other factors at play. 

Citing figures from El Salvador’s National Civil Police (PNC), La Prensa Grafica reported that the number of "multiple homicide" cases, involving three or more victims, has risen to 83 in 2015.

According to La Prensa Grafica, there have been 57 triple homicides in 2015 thus far, compared to 23 triple homicides in 2014. In total, police statistics show that thus far in 2015, there were 370 cases that involved more than two homicide victims, compared to 196 such cases in 2014, the newspaper reported. 

Public transport violence has also grown significantly in the past year, according to a recent report by El Diario de Hoy. There have been 129 killings involving bus drivers, passengers, and others in 2015 thus far. The number of public transport employees killed has increased from 64 in 2014 to 79 in 2015.

This increase in massacres and public transport killings has helped contribute to record-breaking levels of violence in El Salvador. There were 907 reported homicides in August, the highest since El Salvador’s civil war, which ended in 1992.

InSight Crime Analysis

Gang-on-gang violence, police-gang confrontations, and perhaps even the existence of mysterious death squads have all contributed to El Salvador's rise in homicides. However, lack of government resources means the majority of these deaths are not fully investigated.

Central America map

There have been conflicting accounts over whether the majority of homicide victims are linked to El Salvador's gangs or not. Adding to the confusion, there are documented cases of the police using excessive force during their operations, indiscriminately killing criminal suspects rather than following proper procedures.

There is also evidence of gang members aggressively targeting those linked to the security forces and the government. One alleged gang leader, recently taken into custody, stands accused of a triple homicide: the father and two children of a police officer. The gangs have also been blamed for planting explosives near police stations and other government buildings. 

SEE ALSO: Photos of the men of El Salvador's Penas Ciudad Barrios — a prison so dangerous even the guards stay outside

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5 bikers charged in deadly Texas fight are suing for wrongful arrest

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Waco biker gang shooting

AUSTIN, Texas - Five of the bikers indicted in the deadly May fight among motorcycle gangs in Texas filed a civil rights lawsuits this week against McLennan County officials and Waco police, claiming wrongful arrest and incarceration, according to court documents.

Lawyers for bikers Matthew Clendennen, Robert Bucy, George Bergman, Noe Adame and Jorge Salinas filed individual lawsuits in federal court in Texas on Tuesday, six months after the May 17 battle at Twin Peaks Sports Bar and Grill in the central Texas city of Waco.

Nine people were fatally shot in the melee that led to the arrest of 177 people at the scene.

The five men were included in the group of 106 people indicted by a grand jury last week for engaging in organized crime. The remaining bikers’ cases will be heard at a later date, according to the district attorney’s office.

Defense lawyers for Clendennen, 30, a member of the Scimitars Motorcycle Club, said in the suit he was simply present for a club meeting when the gunfire began on the restaurant patio and did not participate in the shootings.

"As gunfire erupted, video evidence conclusively proves that the vast majority of the individuals present at the location did not participate in any violent activity, but instead ran away from gunfire or ducked for cover," the suit said.

Some bikers have blamed police for escalating the violence and firing into the crowd. Police said they acted properly to curtail the spiraling violence.

waco shooting

Waco authorities have been mostly silent on the accusations made by the bikers, citing a gag order, but have said there was probable cause for every arrest and that officers did not fire indiscriminately.

Law enforcement officials have said officers fired a total of 12 rounds during the melee. It is still unknown whether any of those bullets struck any of the dead or the 18 wounded during the fight that took place on the restaurant's patio and spilled into two parking lots.

Almost 500 weapons were found at the scene, including knives, brass knuckles, batons, tomahawks, chains with padlocks, stun guns, pepper spray and firearms, police said.

(Editing by Jon Herskovitz Alan Crosby)

SEE ALSO: Nearly 200 face arrest in connection to the deadly shootout in Texas that left 9 dead

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NOW WATCH: The 'world's largest biker bar' just burned to the ground in Sturgis, South Dakota

Police kidnappings are scarily common in Mexico

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This Oct. 2, 2015 photo show images of Armando De la Cruz Salinas, some pasted onto a Father's Day poster, at his home in Teloloapan, Mexico.

TELOLOAPAN, Mexico (AP) — Carlos Sanchez lay in the backseat of a Honda sedan with his head in his wife's lap, an oxygen tube in his nose, IV in his arm and three bullets in his body.

The 36-year-old taco vendor cried out in pain at every bump on the pitch-dark highway to the city of Iguala.

Hang on, his cousin Armando implored, just 10 more minutes to the hospital.

Then suddenly, the interior of the car lit up like a flare. Armando de la Cruz Salinas was blinded by the spotlight trained on them from a Guerrero state police truck on the shoulder of the road.

He continued to drive slowly through the thick night, but collided with another state police truck parked in the middle of the highway with its lights out.

A stocky man wearing a dark state police uniform with black steel-toed boots opened the front passenger door and pulled Carlos' sister out of the car. He threw her up against the trunk, handcuffed and frisked her.

A passing ice truck paused, but when the officer yelled, "it's not your problem," it pulled away. Then he pushed her onto the floor of the police truck's backseat, along with her cousin and sister-in-law. Another officer sat in the back with them.

They thought they had been arrested, until the truck left the asphalt for a dirt road into the mountains. Then they knew they had been kidnapped by police.

The four family members were from Guerrero state's Tierra Caliente, a blistering region of marijuana crops and opium poppies, where drug cartels decapitate their enemies and even priests are not spared a violent death.

In this Aug. 18, 2015 photo, the day ends in Iguala, located in a poor region of the southern Mexican state of Guerrero.In the spring of 2013, it was common knowledge that police were errand runners for gangsters, but it was not widely acknowledged that local and state police were disappearing people, too.

So by morning, when Tania Martinez Figueroa still had not heard from her husband Armando, she turned to law enforcement for help. She went to the state prosecutor's office in Teloloapan to file a missing persons' report. Less than an hour later, she received a phone call warning her to withdraw the complaint, or her family would be killed.

She withdrew the report.

The next day, Tania received another call, this time demanding a ransom of 100,000 pesos (about $8,000). The family paid the money, but the kidnappers went silent and so did Tania. She had learned to keep her mouth shut.

And she would keep it shut for almost a year and a half, until the disappearance of 43 students at the hands of Iguala police on Sept. 26, 2014, began to unveil the scope of police involvement in Mexico's nearly 26,000 recorded disappearances since 2007.

Amid national outrage over the students' abduction, hundreds of families came forward at an Iguala church to report their missing relatives, many of the cases involving the complicity of police.

Mexico's deputy attorney general for human rights, Eber Betanzos, told The Associated Press that municipal police had participated in scores of abductions around Iguala during the term of Mayor Jose Luis Abarca, who faces charges in the case of the 43 students.

This Oct. 2, 2015 photo shows a framed snapshot of Carlos Sanchez with two deer carcasses, at the home of a relative in Teloloapan, Mexico.A government investigation into the students' disappearance stated that a top commander of Iguala's police managed the Guerreros Unidos drug cartel's police payroll, distributing 600,000 pesos a month (about $45,000) from the mafia to members of the force.

Francisco Salgado Valladares also oversaw police roadblocks at all of the highway entrances to Iguala — roadblocks that ensured drug loads moved through, that suspected enemies of the cartel were intercepted, and that kidnappers were free to bag their prey.

Members of the extended Sanchez family agreed to speak about the police abductions on the condition of anonymity. They wanted to tell the story of the violence that surrounds them like the air they breathe, and of police responsibility for many of what are now called "the other disappeared."

But they are deathly scared of the captors and cops who still live among them and operate with impunity, returning at times to abuse or threaten those who might talk.

Thus they speak quietly, behind closed doors, with a seemingly irreconcilable mixture of liberation and dread, knowing that telling the truth could be fatal.

Carlos Sanchez and his wife had just returned from the market on the evening of April 2, 2013, when a white car pulled up outside their home in Teloloapan, a mountain plain city of about 55,000 people. She took diapers and milk into the house and returned for more groceries in time to see a man point a gun at her husband. "You're confusing me with someone else, check me out," Carlos told the gunmen.

In this Oct. 3, 2015 photo, a dead spider hangs from its web on the side of a road leading to Iguala, in the Mexican state of Guerrero, near the site where taco vendor Carlos Sanchez was last seen, before he was kidnapped by state police along with his wife, sister, and his cousin.It is not uncommon in these parts for men to be led away at gunpoint to be held for ransom, pressed into service by the cartels or punished for failing to pay extortion. Carlos sold tacos from four street stands and off the back of his motorcycle, a business that offered ample opportunities to cross paths with gangsters.

The attackers tried to take Carlos in their car, but he resisted and so they shot the father of three once in the chest, once in the arm and again in the leg.

At Teloloapan's community hospital, Carlos was bandaged, given oxygen and an IV, but was told no surgeon was available to operate on his gunshot wounds. Staff said he needed to go to the hospital in Iguala.

To get there, the family knew, they would have to traverse a winding, two-lane highway that connects Arcelia and Ciudad Altamirano and other towns that are notorious in the drug trade. They would have to pass through three military and police checkpoints along the way.

Hospital staff provided a letter on Carlos' need for urgent care that was meant to get them through the roadblocks, but told his family the ambulance would not transport him without an armed escort. When Carlos' sister went to the army post at the entrance to town to ask for an escort, she was told she needed permission from higher up.

She drove back downtown to speak with the commander, who said that only the local office of the state prosecutor could grant such permission. At that office, a woman refused her request.

"Leave it be, there's nothing you can do now," she advised.

In this Oct. 2, 2015 photo, a framed snapshot of Carlos Sanchez hangs over a makeshift altar in his wife's home in Teloloapan, Mexico.Meanwhile, Carlos' wife desperately called private clinics around Teloloapan and eventually found one willing to take him. But when the ambulance arrived and the staff saw Carlos had been shot, they changed their tune, saying that the doctor was no longer on duty. Refusing care to gunshot victims is not unusual in areas controlled by gangsters, as shooters have been known to come back to finish the job in the clinic, putting medical staff at risk.

Carlos did not want to go to Iguala. He told his wife to let him die at home. His wife said she would fight for his life even if he would not. A friend of theirs offered his car for the unescorted trip to Iguala, and Armando volunteered to drive.

He and Carlos had grown up together and felt more like brothers than cousins. As they moved Carlos from the ambulance to the car, they noted a man parked in a car nearby who smiled and typed something into his phone.

The group set out about 9:30 p.m.: Armando and Carlos, along with Carlos' wife and sister. They made it through the first road block in Teloloapan. They made it through the second one at Ahuehuepan. But they didn't make it through a third roadblock.

On the outskirts of Iguala, Carlos' wife, sister and cousin were transferred from the state police truck to the back seat of a beige SUV. They heard Carlos groan from the back.

After about 10 minutes of an uphill drive, they arrived at a walled compound with a large gate. Someone whistled and the gate swung open. They were pulled out of the SUV and marched toward a single-story, unpainted concrete house with an apple green front door and a black window frame without glass.

They entered the darkened house by the light of their captors' cell phones and quickly realized they were not alone. Fifteen to 20 other people sat on the floor, blindfolded and tied at their wrists and ankles.

In this Oct. 20, 2015 photo, wildflowers grow in a field where the body of taco vendor Carlos Sanchez and dozens other were found almost a year ago, on the outskirts of Iguala, Mexico.The police took their shoes, belts and anything of value, and pulled their shirts over their heads to obscure their vision, but the cellphone light shone through the thin material and so they saw when Carlos was dragged in. He was naked, except for the bandages, his paper hospital gown lost along the way. The guards tried to sit him up, but he slumped onto his side at his cousin's feet.

They were surrounded by 10 to 15 men armed with rifles, most wearing the same dark state police uniform. The one woman among the captors clutched Carlos's wife's purse. Another kidnapper went to Carlos with a notebook. He asked his name, where he was from, how many children he had, what he did.

Carlos answered every question. They beat him anyway, kicking and punching. Then the interrogator gave him a list of names and asked if he knew these people. He said he did not.

The beating intensified. The man accused Carlos of stealing horses from a ranch in Teloloapan. But Carlos was not a horseman. He liked hunting and cockfights. He said he had been to that ranch only to sell tacos to the masons who were building stables. He rattled off his list of taco varieties.

Another captor put the barrel of a rifle to Carlos' head. Incensed, Carlos lashed back, yelling at the gunman "kill me," or he would kill him and his whole family.

About six men pounced on Carlos kicking him furiously. When they paused, Carlos turned his face toward his wife, breathed deeply and said the name of his youngest son, Santiago. Then he closed his eyes.

One of the police looked at his watch — 11:45 p.m., he said. Another bent down to take Carlos' pulse. Then he grabbed Carlos' head in both hands, wrenching it violently until his neck snapped.

The gunmen stuffed the taco vendor into an army green sleeping bag and carried him outside. The others heard his body land in the back of a truck before the female captor was called over to mop up Carlos' blood.

Armando was questioned and beaten next.

In this Aug. 19, 2015 photo, painted crosses mark the site where two college students were killed and 43 more kidnapped, in Iguala, Mexico on Sept. 26, 2014.In the following days, Carlos' wife and sister were guarded by a rotating group of police and civilians who spent much of the time smoking marijuana and watching videos on their phones. They sat by as others were beaten with boards or a length of hose filled with cement, and listened as guards talked of how they had killed a rapist and tore off his face, as though this offered moral justification for their work.

People arrived and departed; they came to believe that if captives were allowed to leave with their shoes on, they were released, and if they left barefoot, they were killed.

They were petrified 10 days later when they were led out of the building barefoot — and shocked when they were released.

Armando, however, was not with them.

"All he wanted was to take his cousin to the hospital so he'd be saved," Tania said.

About a month later, the Sanchez family heard that a few unidentified bodies had been taken to the morgue in Iguala, and they went to see if any of the cadavers belonged to Carlos and Armando. They didn't. And late that night after the family returned to Teloloapan, they received a call with a threat to kill the whole family if they kept looking. Carlos' wife fled Teloloapan.

After news of the 43 disappeared students ignited the national firestorm, a neighbor who was searching for her son told the Sanchez family that relatives were gathering at a church in Iguala to file reports with federal authorities and give DNA samples. They agreed to join the hundreds of other families putting names on a list, many of whom also revealed stories of police taking their loved ones.

In this Aug. 18, 2015 photo, Marcos Javier Mejia Mazon holds up a photo of his brother, Angel Alberto Mejia Mazon, in Iguala, Mexico.Among them were the relatives of Adilene and Jorge Alberto Garcia Valverde, a 19- and 21-year-old sister and brother who were stopped by police on their way home from dinner in Cocula on June 29, 2012, and never seen again. Iguala police told their father they had no record of the arrests or of patrol cars in the area that night.

There was the family of Angel Alberto Mejia Mazon, a 19-year-old student who got into a fight with a stranger at Iguala's annual fair in February 2013. Police arrested Angel, according to his brother, Marcos Mejia Mazon, but when their grandfather went to the station to look for him, he was told they had no record of the arrest.

The officer who turned him away was Francisco Salgado Valladares — the alleged bagman for the Guerreros Unidos cartel.

Even some police ended up on the list of disappeared. Saturno Giles Beltran, a 47-year-old a retired soldier, joined the Iguala police department's stolen vehicles unit; he told his wife, Maria del Carmen Abarca Bahena, he was the only clean member of his unit.

He disappeared on March 8, 2014, while driving to classes he was taking to earn a law degree. He called his wife and said "they" had allowed him a phone call, and he was clearing up some questions before he could return home. That was the last she heard from him.

After adding the names of their missing to the lists, many families organized to go into the hills around Iguala to search for bodies of the disappeared. Over many weeks and months, government crews dug up the remains of at least 104 people from unmarked graves found by the families, only 13 of which have been identified by DNA and telltale bits of clothing.

Or, by other articles. In January, the Sanchez family was told that the gravediggers had unearthed a green sleeping bag with a skeleton inside. Next to it, they found an IV and an oxygen tube.

SEE ALSO: Cubans are using social media to make a historic exodus to the US

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NOW WATCH: Here’s how much El Chapo’s prison escape cost the infamous drug lord

Argentina's new president is creating an 'elite force' to crack down on violent soccer gangs

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Argentina's opposition challenger Mauricio Macri addresses his supporters during a closing campaign rally in Quebrada de Humahuca, north Argentina, November 19, 2015. REUTERS/Let's Change/Handout via Reuters

Argentina's incoming security secretary has called for the creation of an "elite force" targeting hardcore soccer fans known as "barras bravas," illustrating the serious threat posed by gangs that have blurred the lines between sports hooliganism and organized crime.

President-elect Mauricio Macri's chosen security secretary, Eugenio Burzaco, recently told local media outlets that Macri has ordered him to "dismantle these mafias that are the barras."

According to Clarin, the new administration considers the barras "illicit associations," and plans to combat them by modeling intelligence-gathering and investigative efforts after those used by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Their aim, said Burzaco, was to put an end to the Barras extortion activities, and that this should not be delegated to the soccer clubs but must be done by the state.

The move against the barras comes as part of a wider anti-crime crackdown planned by Macri's incoming administration, who made security a central pillar of his election campaign.

InSight Crime Analysis

President-elect Macri will have had the opportunity to witness firsthand the impact of Argentina's barras bravas as the president of the popular Boca Juniors soccer club between 1995 and 2007.

Over the years, the Boca-supporting barra "La Doce" has gained a reputation as one of the most powerful and dangerous barras in Argentina. Bocas Juniors' fans were known for being so fanatical that fans from opposing teams were sometimes barred from attending the Bocas' home games due to safety concerns.

Boca Juniors vs. PumasThe propensity of Argentina's barras for starting riots and brawls certainly generates concern among security officials. An Argentine organization called "Let's Save Soccer" estimated that dozens of people have been killed in soccer-related violence in recent years.

However, many barras have evolved beyond being mere violent thugs and it is likely that it is the barras' involvement in ticket scalping, drug running and other criminal activities, combined with their sizeable political influence, that has drawn the attention of the new government.

However, reining in the barras will be no easy task. Many have garnered enormous influence within the power structures of the clubs themselves, and the club hierarchies have been known to use them as security, to rig club elections and intimidate opponents. Without cooperation from the clubs, the security forces will struggle to dismantle groups that evidence suggests are becoming ever more organized and powerful.

SEE ALSO: Latin America’s most violent countries are using a flawed policing method — and the results have been brutal

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NOW WATCH: The origins of the world’s strangest sports traditions

Street gangs are migrating from drugs to white-collar crime

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In this Dec. 17, 2015 photo, a New York City Police detective holds a credit card skimmer that was used by a street gang to copy metadata from legitimate credit cards for use in the manufacture of counterfeit cards and possibly identity theft. A new trend is emerging that shows street crews and local gangs giving up more traditional activities like gun point robberies or drug running for more white-collar varieties of crime like identity theft or credit card fraud. (AP Photo/Colleen Long)

The Van Dyke Money Gang in New York made off with more than $1.5 million this year — but it wasn't in gunpoint robberies or drug running, it was a Western Union money order scheme.

In New Jersey, 111 Neighborhood Crips used a machine to make dozens of fake gift cards for supermarkets, pharmacies and hardware stores. In South Florida, gangs steal identities to file false tax returns.

These aren't members of an organized Mafia or band of hackers. They're street crews and gangs netting millions in white-collar schemes like identity theft and credit card fraud — in some instances, giving up the old ways of making an illicit income in exchange for easier crimes with shorter sentences.

"Why would you spend time on the street slinging crack when you can get 10 years under federal minimums when in reality you can just bone up on how to make six figures and when you get caught you're doing six months?" said Al Pasqual, director of fraud security at the consulting firm Javelin Strategy and Research.

Law enforcement officials say they see increasingly more gangs relying on such crimes. This year, more than three dozen suspected crew members have been indicted in separate cases around the country. Grand larcenies in New York City account for 40 percent of all crime last year — compared with 28 percent in 2001. About 5 percent of Americans nationwide have experienced some kind of identity theft, with Florida leading the country in complaints.

New York Police Commissioner William Bratton wrote in an editorial in the city's Daily News last week that white-collar crime was being committed by gang members "to an astonishing degree."

Crews recruit bank account owners to help cash phony checks, they pay off crooked employees who skim credit card information using hand-held readers, and they buy identities online.

Pasqual said for some, it was a replacement for other crime. "For some it's a supplement. They're earning the money to grow the other side of their business, using white-collar crime to fund gun running. For a lot of them this becomes their day to day. They travel the country when they get really good at it."

A task force created by federal officials in Florida has charged more than 400 people with causing more than $140 million in losses — including more than 60 charged three weeks ago — and officials say increasingly those arrested are gang members.

It's an organized crime — but not "Organized Crime," said Bill Maddalena, assistant special agent in charge of the white-collar branch of the Miami FBI office. "They're very well organized. They have to recruit people to help steal devices, cash the checks."

And because gang members are engaging more in fraud, there are fewer turf wars.

"There's still an element of violence," Maddalena said. "There's less head-to-head competition. They're attacking the government."

This violence can be more directly related to the crime, not like a drive-by shooting over a turf war that injures dozens. A postmaster killed over a key to open the P.O. boxes in Florida. In a Manhattan case, authorities found a scrap of paper in the pocket of a gang shooting victim that had the identification of another person.

Robert Boyce William Bratton"There's often violence surrounding the crime, but not necessarily in committing the crime," said David Szuchman, chief of the investigation division at the district attorney's office in Manhattan.

As officials crack down on one type of scam, criminals move on to the next. Gang members learn the craft from each other — but many are also millennials, "raised in a computer age, and they know how to use it," said Lt. Greg Besson of the NYPD's financial crimes task force.

The nation's largest police department has revamped how it responds to financial crimes after officials started noticing street crews with recoded credit cards. Now, the grand larceny division brings in detectives from the gang unit and other divisions to work together.

The Outlaw Gangsta Crips in Brooklyn made about $500,000 this year in a paycheck fraud scheme that involved obtaining a legitimate paycheck and then using the information to create and quickly cash phony checks before they were taken down. But they also robbed check-cashing stores and were charged with conspiracy to kill two people, authorities said. Most cases are pending.

In Union County, New Jersey, the 111 Neighborhood Crips made tens of thousands in fake tax returns — and four of the 12 indicted this summer were also charged with murder and attempted murder in separate incidents. Their cases are pending.

The Van Dyke crew operated out of a public housing development. Their scheme, uncovered this year, stretched along the East Coast, as far as north Boston and as south as Washington. They recruited bank account holders and then used more than 350 accounts to deposit fake money orders. A dozen suspected gang members and associated were arrested and charged by federal officials with bank fraud and aggravated identity theft. A trial for some of the defendants is scheduled for early next year.

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15 common tattoos criminals have and what they secretly mean

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acab tattoo skrytebane flickr ccbysa2

Jail staff can stay safer by knowing as much as they can about inmates.

And sometimes, inmates make it easy to know exactly what they've been up to through the use of tattoos.

Here are 15 tattoos and their secret meanings.

Know a different meaning for the tattoos displayed here? Share in the comments here.

1488

This number can be found on white supremacist/Nazi inmates. The numbers 14 or 88 on their own can also be used, which sometimes creates confusion.

Fourteen represents 14 words, which are a quote by Nazi leader David Lane: “We must secure the existence of our people and a future for White Children.” The 88 is shorthand for the 8th letter of the alphabet twice, HH, which represents Heil Hitler. Typically, these tattoos can be found anywhere on the body.



The cobweb

Cobwebs typically represent a lengthy term in prison. The symbolism is associated with spiders trapping prey; or criminals trapped behind bars. This tattoo is commonly found on the elbow, signifying sitting around so long with your elbows on the table that a spider made a web on your elbow, though it can also be located on the neck.

If you see a multi-colored web, it"s probably not a prison tattoo; tattoo "artists" in jail rarely have access to colored ink.



Teardrop

One of the most widely recognized prison tattoos, the teardrop's meaning varies geographically. In some places, the tattoo can mean a lengthy prison sentence, while in others it signifies that the wearer has committed murder.

If the teardrop is just an outline, it can symbolize an attempted murder. It can also mean that one of the inmate's friends was murdered and that they are seeking revenge.

The teardrop has been popularized recently by rappers and other celebrities, but still remains a staple in prisons. Those who are newbies behind bars with a teardrop tattoo will make a lot of enemies, fast.



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The strange way one of Latin America's largest street gangs got its name

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MS 13 member tattoo

One of Latin America's largest and most powerful street gangs has come to be known by a simple moniker: Mara Salvatrucha, or MS-13.

And the garish tattoos that adorn the faces and torsos of its members often do more to announce the gang's presence than the formal name.

But the somewhat sinister name and the gang's extensive operations are a far cry from its humble origins.

Migrants from Central America, El Salvador in particular, fled civil wars in the region in the 1970s and '80s, with a large number of them ending up in LA and Southern California.

Many of those young men, who arrived in the US without family networks or any other connections, gravitated toward gangs.

MS 13 gang member signs

Some of them, according to Ioan Grillo's "Gangster Warlords," joined up with Barrio 18, an established gang that was started by Mexican immigrants but had begun letting in members of other nationalities.

Other migrants, at the time just teenagers on the streets of LA, started a new gang. Grillo, citing the work of anthropologist Juan Martinez and the dogged reporting of Spanish-language news site El Faro, described how they arrived at their new organization's name:

Bizarrely it comes from a Charlton Heston movie. Back in the 1950s, the film The Naked Jungle was a hit in El Salvador with the weird translation of "Cuando Ruge la Marabunta" or "When the Ants Roar." Following this, Salvadorans took the name Mara to mean to mean group of friends, who like ants protect each other.

As Grillo describes, the first wave of Maras in LA saw themselves as rockers, dressing the part, listening to heavy metal, and calling themselves the "Mara Stoners."

Their newness and odd attire marked them as targets for other LA gangs, who attacked them throughout the early 1980s.

But by 1984, according to Grillo, the Maras had changed.

"To sound tougher and reinforce their Salvadoran identity, the Stoners re-baptized themselves as the Mara Salvatrucha," Grillo writes. "People have speculated that Salvatrucha might be a play on words of Salvadoran and trucha, meaning 'street smart.' Others say it just sounded good."

As the civil war in El Salvador deepened in the 1980s, more Salvadorans arrived in LA and found their way to Mara Salvatrucha.

This influx of new recruits, ones hardened by the horrors of the civil war back home, helped make the Maras better able to strike back at their rivals.

ms13

As time went on, the violence MS-13 members instigated and participated in got them thrown in jail, where, according to Grillo, the dynamics of gang life were different.

Rather than acting as upstarts carving out their own territory, Maras had to look for a bigger organization for protection:

Mara inmates realized they had to join La Eme [The Mexican Mafia] to survive, and the mob was happy to add war-hardened machete wielders to its cell-block armies. The Mexican Mafia uses the number thirteen (M as the thirteenth letter of the alphabet), so as Maras joined up, they became the Mara Salvatrucha 13.

MS-13 has only grown in the years since. As of 2012, the UN estimated that it had 19,000 members in Honduras and El Salvador, and members have been arrested as far away as Washington, DC, where the surrounding counties are believed to be home to as many as 3,000 members.

While the gang mainly focuses on local-level crime — extortion, drug dealing, and theft — it also has links to Mexican transnational drug cartels. It reportedly does street-level drug distribution for the Sinaloa cartel, helping that Mexican organization secure the vast majority of the US drug market.

SEE ALSO: Countries throughout Latin America have put their military in the streets to fight crime, and the results have been brutal

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NOW WATCH: Inside the cartel days of El Chapo — the drug lord who escaped from a Mexican prison six months ago

This man was 'the Steve Jobs' of Venezuelan prison gang lords

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On January 23, Teofilo Rodriguez Cazorla, also known as "El Conejo," or "The Rabbit," was killed on Margarita Island in Venezuela.

Until his release from the island's San Antonio prison in 2015, after 12 years of incarceration for drug trafficking, Cazorla was one of the country's most innovative crime lords, turning his prison into a lucrative personal fiefdom.

As Francisco Toro writes at Caracas Chronicles, Cazorla was "a visionary" prison gang boss who personified Venezuela's social and political breakdown.

Nueva_Esparta_Map_English.svgAt San Antonio, Cazorla ruled over an inverted image of a functioning society: A prison safer, better governed, and more appealing in some ways than the outside, and a place where criminals became one of the few remaining beacons of order.

Toro writes that "El Conejo" was "The Steve Jobs of [prison gang bosses]," turning his prison into a hedonistic moneymaking operation.

But just as importantly, he created "the kind of order the 'official' state is no longer in a position to offer," becoming so indispensable to Margarita's social harmony — and so widely feared — that schools closed down in the days after his death, with "many of the island’s residents ... shutting themselves in their homes this week ... [w]aiting to see what happens next."

Toro links to an astonishing 2011 New York Times report that explains how "El Conejo" pulled this off. Times reporter Simon Romero likened San Antonio prison to a "Hugh Hefner-inspired fleshpot," with four swimming pools, a disco, a cockfighting arena, and plentiful quantities of both marijuana and crack cocaine.

Screen Shot 2016 01 27 at 1.52.57 PMOutsiders would come to San Antonio — a place that "almost resembles the island’s beach resorts"— to gamble, party, and relax, and "El Conejo" would in turn distribute the profits among fellow prison gang members.

As Toro notes, Cazorla's criminal enterprises spread beyond San Antonio's walls: "Virtually every taxi on the island now sports his trademark (-infringing) Playboy Bunny sticker – visual evidence that the drivers had paid their protection money," he writes. "Nothing seemed to move in Margarita without the rabbit’s say so."

Crucially, inmate privileges extended beyond hedonism and profiteering, as Cazorla's gang was also able to amass an impressive arms stockpile.

Romero quotes a 10-year veteran of the British army imprisoned in San Antonio on drug-trafficking charges who marveled at the inmates' arsenal: “I’ve seen some guns in here that I’ve never seen before. AK-47s, AR-15s, M-16s, Magnums, Colts, Uzis, Ingrams. You name them, it’s in here.” According to Venezuela's El Universal, inmates fired automatic weapons from the prison's roof after Cazorla's death.

Venezuela protesterThe particular version of order that Cazorla imposed on San Antonio was lucrative for certain inmates, and certainly for himself: Romero interviewed Cazorla "as bodyguards shucked oysters for him."

But it was order of a decidedly antisocial sort, held together through violence and fear: "A mural at the prison depicts Mr. Rodríguez as conductor of a train, accompanied by gun-wielding subordinates, barreling toward a snitch hanging from a noose," Romero wrote.

Toro suggests that the prison-lord mentality is already filtering into Venezuelan society as the economy collapses and people lose their little remaining confidence in the country's political system.

Had Cazorla lived a bit longer, he would have had both the experience and the motivation needed to capitalize amid the chaos. "Asked about his ambitions after incarceration, he said he would consider politics," writes Romero. 

SEE ALSO: The 50 most violent cities in the world

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NOW WATCH: The fight is far from over — here's what's next for 'El Chapo'

Inside the Mexican prison that was rocked by cartels

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Mexico's Prison

On February 11, the Topo Chico prison in Monterrey, Mexico experienced a riot, leaving 49 inmates dead.

The riot was believed to be between members of the Zetas cartel and the Gulf cartel.

This is the deadliest incident within a series of riots that have happened at prisons in Mexico over the past few years. 

Take a look inside the Topo Chico prison after the deadly riot.

SEE ALSO: At least 50 people reportedly killed in prison riot in northern Mexico

The fights and rioting begun just before midnight. Witnesses said they heard gunshots, saw smoke coming from the prison, and saw inmates suffering from burns.



Forty-nine inmates were left dead, while 12 were severely injured. The riot went on for about an hour before it was controlled.



Many prisons in Mexico are overpopulated, which often allows inmates to take control of the prisons from the authorities.



See the rest of the story at Business Insider

The weird economic reason drug cartel members get head-to-toe tattoos

The financial reason some gang members cover their bodies in tattoos

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Gang member face tattoo central america

Gangs like the Mara Salvatrucha have spread their influence all over the Western Hemisphere, and one of the clearest signs that you're dealing with their members is the garish tattoos that often adorn their bodies.

The designs of those tattoos can often vary, specified by individuals and their gangs, but there's an underlying reason that people get them, and it makes perfect business sense.

"There's a weird economic reason for these tattoos: It makes these employees much easier for the cartel or the gang to keep hold of," Tom Wainwright, author of "Narconomics" and former Economist reporter in Mexico City, told Business Insider.

"If you picture one of these gangs in El Salvador, where many of the members have tattoos, literally from head to toe, it's much much harder for those employees to go and find a job somewhere else," Wainwright added.

The Mara Salvatrucha, also known as MS-13, is most closely associated with the head-to-toe tattoos.

Prisons in El Salvador and Honduras, where MS-13 is based, are full of current and former gang members coated with ink identifying their loyalties, whether to MS-13 or another Central American gang like Barrio 18, which is regarded as one of MS-13's main rivals.

Barrio 18 gang member tattoos

While the inkings are often inscrutable to outsiders, members of the gang world are familiar with their meanings. This helps them identify compatriots and prevents members from straying.

"These guys can't find work anywhere else," because the markings make it difficult for them to switch allegiances, Wainwright told Business Insider.

"They can't find work with a rival cartel, and so they have to stay working for the gang that they started off with. This makes them much cheaper and it means that the gang can treat them how they like."

MS-13 Salvador gang member tattoos

As these gangs have spread to places were anti-gang law-enforcement efforts are more robust — like the suburbs of Washington, D.C.— the tattoos have become a less central part of gang life.

Tattoo-removal programs have also cropped up, as government and civil-society efforts to pull people away from gangs have ramped up.

But for MS-13 and other gangs, where proof of loyalty is vital, tattoos aren't going anywhere.

"It's something that's strongly encouraged," Wainwright said. "And I think if you want to join a gang like the Mara Salvatrucha in El Salvador, you can't join unless you get the tattoos."

SEE ALSO: The strange origins of the name of one of Latin America's largest street gangs

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NOW WATCH: EX-UNDERCOVER DEA AGENT: What I told my friends and family about my job

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